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Reports of pellets of resin in pouches with the bodies in early burials excavated at prehistoric sites at Badari and Mostagedda in Middle Egypt (c. Furthermore, his extremely fragile state prevented him from being moved for X-ray analysis. The results provide strong evidence that embalming was taking place 1,500 years earlier than previously accepted.Working with an archeological chemist, my colleague Ron Oldfield and I identified resin in the wrappings.Egyptian ingenuityRadiocarbon dating of linen – one sample each from the body and the basket of fragments accompanying the body – gave a date range of around 3700-3500 BC. Chemical signatures indicate gentle heating, so it was indeed a "recipe" that was probably applied by dipping the linen into the melted mixture and then wrapping.

It is only one of 20 bodies of this period (c.Like the British, the Italians were conducting their own excavations to fill the Museo Egizio in Turin.But we didn’t have any further samples to expand this work – until now.A recipe for preservationIn 2014, a research grant from Macquarie University afforded a unique opportunity to forensically examine this Turin mummy. Both samples shared the same early spinning technology observed in Egyptian linen between about 5000 BC and 3600 BC, when a momentous change in the direction of the spin took place.In our previous work we did not have whole bodies – only small fragments of linen in British museums.Working with an international team, we took minute samples of textile and skin for biochemical analysis, radiocarbon dating, textile analysis and DNA analysis of pathogenic bacteria.Today my colleagues and I published our analysis of an intact Egyptian prehistoric body (from around 3700-3500 BC) that had been housed in a museum in Turin, Italy, since 1901.They had access to resins from the Eastern Mediterranean, suggesting long-distance trade.Preparing for the afterlifeThe central tenet of ancient Egyptian mummification was preservation of a perfect body so that it could enter into the afterlife as a complete entity.Chemical analysis of the residues on the textile wrappings from the torso and wrist using a technique known as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed the presence of a plant oil or animal fat, a sugar/gum, a conifer resin and an aromatic plant extract.The resin and aromatic plant extracts are the two main antibacterial components that would have repelled insects and preserved the soft tissue underneath.

But now we know it was deliberately preserved..The wrapped bodies at prehistoric sites generally had not come under intense scrutiny when excavated, because in the 19th and early 20th centuries interest was overwhelmingly in the artefacts.Together with our previous research, this new information tells us that the prehistoric Egyptians – those living 1,500 or more years before the Pharaohs – already had knowledge of the processes required to preserve the body, and practised a developed religious belief system PEVA laminated fabric Manufacturers about the afterlife.The mummy had not undergone conservation in the museum which meant that contamination was minimal, making him an ideal subject for scientific investigation. That similar components were used in the balms in burials 200 km apart, and indeed continued to be used in similar proportions by the pharaonic period embalmers when their skills were at their peak some 2,500 years later, shows the enduring nature of ancient Egyptian ingenuity.Resin is an substance harvested from certain trees, particularly pine, and is a preservative component of embalming mixtures.Ancient Egypt continues to throw up one fabulous surprise after another. Furthermore, there had been no reason to believe that the prehistoric Egyptians were using any preservative balms on their dead.The dead man was previously assumed to have been naturally mummified by the desiccating action of the hot, dry desert sand. 3600 BC) in international museums. The downside of not having been conserved and consolidated is that he is extremely fragile and damaged. 4500-3350 BC) had made me wonder whether they were already using resin in a rudimentary form of mummification. If a crocodile had bitten off a leg, a wooden prosthesis would be substituted. Perhaps the best-known archaeologist is Ernesto Schiaparelli, director of the museum between 1895 and 1928.We had hintsPrior to this new study, our analysis of funerary wrappings from prehistoric bodies from sites in central Egypt proved that the ancient Egyptians who lived before the time of the pharaohs used some body preservation techniques

.This article was originally published on the Conversation.As a result, we do not know whether he died from an infectious disease.Schiaparelli went on a number of missions to Egypt to excavate and purchase mummies and artefacts from antiquities dealers, including the prehistoric body in this current study (identified as "Turin S. The pieces of fabric were the only surviving evidence the bodies had been wrapped, and had been donated by the excavators in the early 20th century in return for funding for excavation. Although there are few written records on the body’s provenance, Gebelein in Middle Egypt is the most probable source.No pathogenic DNA was detected by metagenomics, either because it had not survived the environmental conditions in Egypt or the museum (which until recently was not climate-controlled). 293, RCGE 16550"), bought between 1900 and 1901.Together with our previous research, the information gleaned from this complete mummy tells us that the prehistoric Egyptians already had knowledge of the processes required to preserve the body, as well as an already developed religious belief system about the afterlife.


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A trained actor and an evolved

The writer is a theatre-critic. It was a double-storey set with multiple areas of light and darkness. He was helped in his task by Vandana Vashisht, another NSD alumni. She then gets married and falls for the dalit man.The story revolves around Nirguniya. The novel talks about dalits, the caste system and its dehumanising qualities, often equating dalits with the female gender. Nirguniya gives all her jewellery to the Bishop for safekeeping. Sharma. And when he returns it is with the wish of becoming a Christian. Meanwhile, her husband is caught by a dacoit and made a member of the gang that he finally leads.

A trained actor and an evolved director and playright, Ali did justice to this huge and complicated novel.The set was designed by Sandeep Bhattacharya and lit by Souti Chakraborty. Born in a Brahmin family and married to an old man, Nirguniya falls in love with a mehter (sweeper) who comes to clean the toilets at her home. Kajal Ghosh’s gave the music while غير مجاز مي باشدtumes were done by Kriti V. She does not deny her background nor the fact that she was an alcoholic, much to everyone’s shock and surprise.While living with the sweeper, Nirguniya learns the craft of mehtargiri.Asif Ali a teacher at the NSD presented Amritlal Nagar’s novel, Nachyo Bahot Gopal, adapted as play by him with the first year students of the NSD. She was emotionally sensitive to the changes in her life.Shilpa Bharti as young Nirguniya acted well.

The elder Nirguniya was played by Smriti Mishra who was dignified and carried an independent mien, especially when dealing with Brahmins. She first falls for the son of the family where she was staying and then with her teacher. The scenes between the Christians and the dalits are hilarious, neither understanding the other.Asif Ali directed the first year students with care and adroitness.The actors moved with ease amongst the different levels of the set and easily conveying their impressions of light and dark moods. She runs away with the man and later gives birth to a Pvc coated Oxford fabric Factory baby girl, whom she gives away to a Christian family (in the last act).Nirunguniya is portrayed as a girl of loose moral fabric in the story.


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A number of activists

The protest was called by Calcutta Architecture Legacies, a civil society initiative led by Chaudhuri and supported by INTACH.Author Amit Chaudhuri, filmmaker Aparna Sen, former chief of Prasar Bharati Jawhar Sircar, conservation architect Manish Chakraborti were among the people who protested and demanded better heritage legislation for preserving the historic fabric of the city.

INTACH Kolkata Chapter convener G M Kapur, who took part in the protest march from Raja Subodh Mullick Square to the Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC) office, said, "Few of us later went and submitted a petition to the KMC Office"..  "We want to exert pressure sure Pvc coated Oxford fabric Manufacturers on the government to acknowledge that our heritage deserves better," he said. Several listed ones no longer exist. Mr Chaudhuri said, "The fate of old buildings, many of which are unique to Calcutta, is ultimately in our hands. Heritage zones and precincts and a new list are needed," he said. Amit addressed to crowd at the starting and end points and also mid-way," Mr Kapur said.

The author said Kolkata was suffering loss of architectural heritage for decades but pulling down of Old Kenilworth Hotel and partial demolition being carried out at the building housing the Barra Bazaar branch of the historic Metropolitan Institution proved to be the last straw.Kolkata: A number of activists, including artists and filmmakers, and school children on Wednesday took to the streets here to highlight the threat the city’s cultural heritage was facing from the onslaught of modernity.  It coincided with the World Heritage Day on Wednesday.Ms Sen and her husband, Sircar, a few well-known local artists also joined the march, he said."During the nearly 2 km-long march, students from schools also joined us.


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A pond is always attractive

A pond is always attractive and some are even considered elegant. While clearing brush along ponds outer edges, care should be taken so that debris will not fall in the pond. When the decision has been made to install a pond, selecting the area best suited for the water feature will be your first step. . Dirt shelves can be dug to hold pots that will contain plants. In addition to clearing brush along ponds area, a design will need to selected or created. Continue To Clear Brush along Ponds Area for Proper Maintenance After this stunning water feature has been created, properly maintaining the area is crucial. A pond is a feature that will put the finishing touches to your landscape.

A homes landscape can be enhanced by building greatly by installing a pond. Since clearing brush along ponds outer area, the power housing will be easily accessible. Clearing brush along ponds chosen location is bound to speed up the installation of the pond. The addition of a waterfall can be added fairly easily by gradually sloping the ends. A pond that will primarily display flowers and plants will not require as much space as a pond that will be intended as a Koi habitat. Liners that are pre-fabricated will sometimes have these shelves in place in order to display pond plants. Filters will help to a degree, but the prevention of contamination will ease any concerns about possible damage to fish and plants. Be sure that a trench is dug around the outer edges of the pond. One major factor that will determine the ponds size is the type of pond desired. A rope, spray paint, or even a hose can be used to outline the ponds shape. Aquatic plants have needs that are different than ordinary plants.

This trench will be used to install the power lines that are necessary to power the filter, pumps, and waterfalls. Be sure to provide the necessary soil conditions for these plants. Pea gravel can be used to top the aquatic plants for two reasons; to keep the soil in place and to deter any fish from eating these plants. Clearing brush along ponds sides regularly will insure the pond's lasting beauty and health. Koi fish generally need a rather large area, so the pond will need to be adjusted accordingly. A pre made waterfall can be purchased and installed with ease. Water plants are easily added by placing soil amounts that are appropriate for the plants in pots that have holes in them holes. China Bag fabric Manufacturers Once the size of the pond has been decided, and clearing brush along the ponds outer area has been completed, the hole is ready to be dug.


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